1. The starter does not turn on. The reason is a violation of the contact connections, an open or short circuit in the starter switching circuits, a malfunction of the traction relay.
2. When the starter is turned on, multiple clicks are heard. The reason is a malfunction of the holding winding of the traction relay, the battery is very discharged, the contact connections in the starter circuit are loose.
3. The starter turns on, but its armature either does not rotate or rotates slowly. The reason is the battery is discharged, the contact connections are broken, the contacts of the traction relay are burned, the collector is dirty or the brushes are worn out, the interturn or short circuit in the windings.
4. The starter turns on, its armature rotates, but the flywheel remains stationary. The reason is the weakening of the starter attachment to the clutch housing, damage to the teeth of the flywheel or drive gear, slipping of the drive freewheel, breakage of the lever, drive ring or buffer spring of the starter drive.
5. The starter does not turn off after starting the engine. The reason is a malfunction of the starter freewheel, sintering of the contacts of the traction relay. In the event of such a malfunction, stop the engine immediately!
These malfunctions require qualified intervention in a car service or upon arrival at the garage (see sect. «electrical equipment»). Beforehand, you can only check the degree of discharge of the battery using the indicator built into it, and if it is not available, with a car tester in voltmeter mode by connecting it to the battery terminals, as well as tightening the contact connections of the starter circuit.